根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。简述形成性评价的概念及目的，并列举其中的一种评价方式。搜题

Which of the following is a communicative activity?
请阅读Passaqe l，完成第小题。 Passage 1 Among the throngs of Americans prowling the malls and trawling e-commerce sites， many are looking out for themselves. Retail-research firm NPD Group said， thus far， about one third of consumers have engaged in what is called self-gifting. That's up from 12 percent in a typical pre-recession year， and up from the 19 percent who said they planned to do so last year. The National Retail Federation， the dispenser of all holiday-related data， said in 2012， nearly 60 percent of shoppers would do so. The latest step in the evolution of our burgeoning culture of narcissism? Yes. Self-gifting makes psychological and economic sense given what Americans have endured these years. THE POST-BUST(破产) era has been a long， hard， heroic slog of balance-sheet improvement. Americans have labored to save money and hack away at the huge mountain of debt they accumulated during the credit boom. According to the New York Federal Reserve， consumers have knocked down their aggregate debt load from $12.67 trillion in the third quarter of 2008 to $11.31 trillion in the third quarter of 2012; credit-card debt is off $192 billion from the peak. Americans have cut their load by spending more carefully and engaging in that most un-American of traits: self-abnegation. After living frugally for so much of the year and for so many years who can blame a parent at an Apple Store for buying herself a new iPad? Indeed， self-gifting may actually be a function of the new abstemiousness. Let's say you've been holding off on replacing your old television. Why not buy it around November or December when insane promotions and free shipping are available? Besides， it's not like self-gifters are solely interested in self-pleasure. An NRF survey said that the typical self-gifter would spend about $140 on himself this year. For comparison's sake， the survey said the typical shopper would spent about $750 in all. After a long period of economic madness(remember the housing bubble and the dotcom mess)，self-gifting is a sign of much-needed economic rationality. Shopping for others involves a certain amount of wrong guesswork with negative financial consequence. This year， for example， CEB TowerGroup claims that Americans will load $110 billion onto gift cards and give them as presents. But the market-research firm says that about 1.6 percent of that total， about $1.7 billion， will go unused. Meanwhile， a large percentage of gifts wind up getting returned. Adults surveyed by BIG insight in November 2012 found that 35 percent of people reported returning at least some of their gifts. Returns induce guilt and raise the specter of uncomfortable conversations about what happened to that giant striped sweater. But more significant， returns are bad for the environment. They lead to more trips to the mall， higher shipping costs， and the unnecessary use of packaging materials. These days， the rise of e-commerce means shopping is now antiseptic: sit and click. With the charm gone， we have to come up with other ways to make the experience pleasurable. As the song goes， "Have yourself a merry little Christmas". What have the retail research and surveys revealed about self-gifting? 查看材料
The study highlights how our sense of right and wrong isn't just based on__________， religion and philosophy， but also on the biology of our brain.
Which of the following statements about meaningful practice in grammar teaching is NOT true?
设计任务：阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计20分钟的英语写作教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但必须包含下列要点： ·teaching objectives ·teaching contents ·key and difficult points ·major steps and time allocation ·activities and justifications 教学时间：20分钟学生概况：某城镇普通中学高中一年级学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》五级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。语言素材： Dear Zhou Kai， How are you We′ re doing a class survey and I have to write emails to all my pen friends inother countries. I hope you don′ t mind answering these questions. 1 Do most adults smoke in China 2 In most states in the US， it is now against the law to smoke in public buildings， such asbanks and offices， on public transport and in restaurants and cafes. Is it the same in China 3 Is the government planning to change the law about smoking in public Hope you can answer my three questions! Best wishes， Paul
Passage 2 Teacher education provided by U．S． colleges and universities has been routinely criticized sinceits inception in the early nineteenth century， sometimes deservedly． These programs， likenon-university programs， are uneven in quality and can be improved． What makes today′ s criticismsdifferent is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups， and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneursto deregulate the preparation of teachers， and to expand independent， alternative routes intoteaching． This effort to "disrupt" the field of teacher preparation in the United States has gainedconsiderable momentum and legitimacy， with venture capitalists， philanthropy， and the U．S． Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding． The strength of this effort is that the United States may quickly seek to dismantle its universitysystem and replace much of it with independent， private programs． The resulting system of teacherpreparation may differ dramatically in its government， structure， content， and processes movingaway from its current location alongside legal， medical， and other professional preparation that pairsacademic degrees with professional training． Throughout the nation， states are reporting teacher shortages in particular subject areas andgeographical locations， and several states have either passed legislation to lower the standards forbecoming a teacher or， like the state of Washington， have looked toward expanding the number ofteacher education providers to try to fill teaching vacancies． The federal government has contributedto the push to lower standards for becoming a teacher with the Teacher Preparation Academy provision in the new K-12 education law， the Every Student Succeeds Act， which encourages statesto expand the number of independent programs not associated with colleges and universities． Because of the increasing tuition rates， a consequence in part， of cuts in funding to publicuniversities that continue to educate most U．S． teachers， enrollments in college and universityteacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country． Independent teachereducation programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing thenation′s classrooms and addressing our serious and enduring problems in education inequities． Additionally， advocacy groups， philanthropists， and so-called education entrepreneurs are workingaggressively to expand these independent alternative routes into teaching． Given the seriousness of the teacher shortage problem in the United States and the substantialmedia attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solution toteacher shortages and education inequities， policy makers should very carefully examine theevidence that exists about the nature and impact of these relatively new programs that are rapidlyexpanding while university teacher education enrollments decline． Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word"momentum" inParagraph 2
根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。简述形成性评价的概念及目的，并列举其中的一种评价方式。
To assess how well a student is performing relative to his or her own previous performance，a teacher would use__________ assessment.
It was March 5， 2013 __________ president Hugo cost his last fight in life at the age of 58.
When the teacher is presenting a new language， giving explanations， checking answers，which of the following should be adopted?

根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。 简述形成性评价的概念及目的，并列举其中的一种评价方式。

根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。简述形成性评价的概念及目的，并列举其中的一种评价方式。